Verses 1-7: Paul
expands on the analogy of a child’s coming of age (3:24-26),
contrasting believers’ lives before salvation (as children and
servants), with their lives after salvation (as adults and sons).
Both Paul’s Jewish and Gentile readers readily understood this
imagery, since the Jews, Greeks, and Romans all had a ceremony to
mark a child’s coming of age.
Paul uses the Roman
practice of tutela impuberis, “guardianship for a minor,” to
illustrate man’s temporary subjection to the law. A Roman father
appointed guardians to manage his child’s affairs until 25 years of
age, at which time the heir came of age. Similarly, man’s earlier
period of spiritual immaturity under the law is contrasted with the
Christian’s new freedom of adult Sonship in Christ.
Galatians 4:1
"Now I say, [That] the heir, as long as he is a child, differeth
nothing from a servant, though he be lord of all;"
“Child”: The
Greek word refers to a child too young to talk; a minor, spiritually
and intellectually immature and not ready for the privileges and
responsibilities of adulthood.
We see in this, that
Paul is still speaking of the same things that he did in chapter 3,
but with a slightly different slant. Some servants were entrusted
with the wealth of the family. This was the case with Abraham. His
trusted servant was even sent to bring a wife for Isaac.
A small child will
inherit his father's fortune, if the father dies. When he is small,
he is not capable of handling the affairs. In a case such as this the
trusted servant would care for the inheritance for the child, until
he became of age. It may all belong to him, but he cannot take
possession, until he is more mature.
The child must be in
obedience to his father the same as the servant, until he is of age.
Galatians 4:2
"But is under tutors and governors until the time appointed of
the father."
“Tutors and
governors” or “Guardians and managers”. “Guardians” were
slaves entrusted with the care of underage boy, while “managers”
managed their property for them until they came of age. Along with
the tutor (3:24), they had almost compete charge of the child – so
that, for all practical purposes, a child under their care did not
differ from a slave.
This is reverting
back to the schoolmaster in the chapter before. A brand new Christian
cannot really handle his own affairs, until he is schooled in God's
ways. It is really not for us to decide when we are ready to be
released from training. Only God knows when we can begin to teach,
instead of being taught.
Galatians 4:3
"Even so we, when we were children, were in bondage under the
elements of the world:"
“When we were
children … in bondage”: Before our “coming of age” when we
came to saving faith in Jesus Christ.
“Elements of the
world”: “Elemental” is from a Greek word meaning “row,’ or
“rank,” and was used to speak of basic, foundational things like
the letters of the alphabet. In light of its use in verse 9, it is
best to see it here as a reference to the basic elements and rituals
of human religion.
Paul describes both
Jewish and Gentile religions as elemental because they are merely
human, never rising to the level of the divine. Both Jewish religion
and Gentile religion centered on man-made systems of works.
They were filled
with laws and ceremonies to be performed so as to achieve divine
acceptance. All such rudimentary elements are immature, like
behaviors of children under bondage to a guardian.
“We … were in
bondage under” means “we … were subject to.”
“The elements of
the world” refers to elementary religious teachings and practices.
For the Jew it was the law. For the Gentile it was the truths of the
law written in his heart (Rom. 2:14-15). Before Christ man was, as it
was, spiritually immature. Therefore, he was subject to the
rudimentary teaching of the law.
The battle raging
for a Christian is the battle between the flesh and the spirit. When
we are first saved, habits still call out to our flesh, and put us
under bondage of the desires of our flesh. As we grow in the Lord,
our spirit becomes stronger and takes over control. When the spirit
reigns, sin no longer has us under bondage. We overcome the world and
the flesh, and live for Jesus.
Galatians 4:4 But
when the fulness of the time was come, God sent forth his Son, made
of a woman, made under the law,"
“The fullness of
the time” In God’s timetable, when the exact religious, cultural
and political conditions demanded by His perfect plan were in place,
Jesus came into the world. This corresponds to “the time appointed
of [by] the father” in 4:2.
“God sent forth
his Son”: As a father set the time for the ceremony of his son be
coming of age and being released from the guardians, mangers and
tutors, so God sent His Son at the precise moment to bring all who
believe out from under bondage to the law – a truth Jesus
repeatedly affirmed (John 5:30, 36-37; 6:39, 44, 57; 8:16, 18, 42;
12:49; 17:21, 25; 20:21).
That the Father sent
Jesus into the world teaches His pre-existence as the eternal second
member of the Trinity. See notes on Phil. 2:6-7; Heb. 1:3-5; Rom.
8:3-4.
“Made of a woman”
(or, “born of a woman”): This emphasizes Jesus’ full humanity,
not merely His virgin birth (Isa. 7:14; Matt. 1:20-25). Jesus had to
be fully God for His sacrifice to be of the infinite worth needed to
atone for sin. But, He also had to be fully man so He could take upon
Himself the penalty of sin as the substitute for man. See Luke 1:32,
35; John 1:1, 14, 18.
“Under the law”:
Like all men, Jesus was obligated to obey God’s law. Unlike anyone
else, however, He perfectly obeyed that law (John 8:46; 2 Cor. 5:21;
Heb. 4:15; 7:26; 1 Pet. 2:22; 1 John 3:54). His sinlessness made Him
the unblemished sacrifice for sins, who perfectly obey God in
everything. That perfect righteousness is what is imputed to those
who believe in Him.
This stresses Jesus’
humiliation at leaving His pre-existent glory and becoming man;
without having done so He could not have died for our sins. “Made
under the law’ (or, “born subject to the law”): He was born a
Jew under the law in order to free those under the curse of the law
(4:5).
In heaven, Jesus was
the Word of God. At a time appointed of the Father, the Son of God
was sent to this earth in the form of man to save His people. The
Holy Spirit hovered over Mary, and she conceived of the Spirit of
God. The flesh of the Lord Jesus was as a man. It was a flesh body.
It (the body of Jesus) was made under the law.
Mary was a natural
woman. The body of Jesus was natural man. The Spirit, within that
body, was God the Son, or God the Word. Jesus was made of the woman
and not of man. In Genesis chapter 3 verse 15 this had been promised.
Genesis 3:15 "And
I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed
and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his
heel."
The Father of Jesus
was not Joseph. The Father of Jesus was God. This plan had been made
from the foundation of the world.
Galatians 4:5 "To
redeem them that were under the law, that we might receive the
adoption of sons."
“Redeem”: From
the law.
“Them … under
the law”: Guilty sinners who are under the law’s demands and its
curses and in need of a savior.
“The adoption of
sons”: “Adoption” is the act of bringing someone who is the
off-spring of another into one’s own family Since unregenerate
people are by nature children of the devil the only way they can
become God’s children is by spiritual adoption (Rom. 8:15, 23; Eph.
1:5).
The Greek word
huiotes would have denoted Sonship by birth. But the word rendered
“adoption of sons” is huiothesia, which means Sonship conferred.
Through Christ believers have become God’s sons by adoption.
The reason that all
must be redeemed from the law is the fact that by the law all are
condemned to die. The law brings death.
Romans 6:23 "For
the wages of sin [is] death; but the gift of God [is] eternal life
through Jesus Christ our Lord."
Every Christian has
been redeemed by Jesus Christ with His precious blood and been
adopted into the family of God. We are the adopted sons of the
Father, if we accept Jesus as our Savior Redeemer.
Galatians 4:6
"And because ye are sons, God hath sent forth the Spirit of his
Son into your hearts, crying, Abba, Father."
“Because ye are
sons:” Every child of God was divinely given the Holy Spirit the
moment he was adopted by God. “Abba” is an Aramaic domestic term
by which the father was called in the affectionate intimacy of the
family. It corresponds to our “daddy” or “papa.” The Spirit
gives us awareness that God is our Father.
“Abba”; An
Aramaic term of endearment, used by young children to speak to their
fathers; it is the equivalent of the word “Daddy”.
“Spirit of his
Son”: It is the Holy Spirit’s work to confirm to believers their
adoption as God’s children. Assurance of salvation is a gracious
work of the Holy Spirit and does not come from any human source.
Only Jesus and
Jesus' followers can call the Father Abba. It is actually the Spirit
of Jesus within us that cries out Abba. The Holy Spirit within us
reveals the fact to us of our sonship. This Spirit of the Risen
Christ within us opens our understanding to this.
Galatians 4:7
"Wherefore thou art no more a servant, but a son; and if a son,
then an heir of God through Christ."
“Thou art no more
a servant” is Paul’s way of concluding that the believer is no
longer under law. He is instead” a son,” that is, a full-grown
adult son who does not need the law’s elementary instruction and
guidance.
Our inheritance is
in Christ and we are His inheritance as well.
1 Peter 1:4 "To
an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not
away, reserved in heaven for you,"
We must not lose sight of the fact that Paul is explaining to these Galatians the benefits of the grace of God over the law. The Judaizers were trying to put them back under the law. Christians receive sonship through the Spirit of Christ within them.
Verses 8-11: While
salvation is the free gift of God (Rom. 5:15-16, 18; 6:23; Eph. 2:8),
it brings with it serious responsibility (Luke 12:48). God requires
believers to live a holy life because they are children of a holy God
and desire to love and worship Him (Matt. 5:48; 1 Pet. 1:15-18).
That obligation was
to the unchanging moral and spiritual principles that forever reflect
the nature of God; however, it did not include the rituals and
ceremonies unique to Israel under Mosaic Law as the Judaizers falsely
claimed.
Galatians 4:8
"Howbeit then, when ye knew not God, ye did service unto them
which by nature are no gods."
“When ye knew not
God”: Before coming to saving faith in Christ, no unsaved person
knows God. Eph. 4:17-19; 2 Cor. 4:3-6.
“By nature are no
gods”: The Greco-Roman pantheon of non-existent deities the
Galatians had imagined they worshiped before their conversion (Rom
1:23; 1 Corinthians 8:4; 10:19-20; 12:2; 1 Thess. 1:9).
“Howbeit then”
means “although at an earlier time” and refers to the Galatians’
pre-Christian, pagan past. They “did service” to, or served,
false gods.
Many of the
Galatians had been heathen people, before they received Christ as
their Savior. They truly had not known what, or whom to worship,
until they received the Truth through Jesus Christ.
The creation of God
is not to be worshipped. Anything that you can see with your natural
eye is not God. The things of nature can glorify God, but they are
not God and should not be worshipped. They worshipped things which
really were not God.
Galatians 4:9 "
But now, after that ye have known God, or rather are known of God,
how turn ye again to the weak and beggarly elements, whereunto ye
desire again to be in bondage?"
“Are known of
God”: We can know God only because He first knew us, just as we
choose Him only because He first chose us (John 6:44; 15:16), and we
love him only because He first loved us (1 John 4:19).
“Turn ye again”:
“Weak … beggarly
elements … again … bondage”:
“But now” refers
to the recipients’ Christian present. The question raised by “how”
contains a prohibition, by which Paul says, in effect, “Don’t you
dare turn again to the weak and beggarly elements!” (i.e. the law).
As unbelievers the
Gentile Galatians were formerly under law in that its truths were
written in their consciences (Rom. 2:14-15). The law (“elements”)
is describes as “weak” because it cannot save, and it is depicted
as “beggarly” (poor) because, as a system, it is inferior to the
New Covenant.
Paul is speaking
directly to the Christians in Galatia now. We will never really know
God in the fullest sense, until we are in heaven with Him. He knows
us though. How can they even think of turning away from the freedom
they know in Christianity and go back to the bondage of the law?
Galatians 4:10
"Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years."
“Days … years”:
The rituals, ceremonies and festivals of the Jewish religious
calendar which God had given, but were never required for the church.
Paul warns the Galatians, as he did the Colossians (see notes on Rom.
14:1-6; Col. 2:16-17), against legalistically observing them as if
they were required by God or could earn favor with Him.
The Galatians were
beginning to “observe” that part of the law least repugnant to
them – the calendar: “days” (Sabbath, fast, and feast days),
“months” (new moons or feast days beginning with each month);
“times” (Passover, Pentecost, and the Feast of Tabernacles); and
“years” (sabbatical years, and the Year of Jubilee).
This was very much a
part of the law. This observance of days had to do with the Sabbath
and with the feast of the law. There are some religions today that
are doing like these people in Galatia were doing. On one hand they
wanted the benefits of Christianity, but they were very much caught
up in the law.
This is one of the
reasons the Christians celebrate Sunday instead of Saturday for their
holy day. The Christians are celebrating the resurrection of Jesus.
The others are living in the law.
Galatians 4:11 "I
am afraid of you, lest I have bestowed upon you labour in vain."
“Labor … in
vain”: Paul feared that his effort in establishing and building the
Galatian churches might prove to be futile if they fell back into
legalism (3:4; 1 Thess. 3:5).
“In vain” means
“without saving result.” Should the Galatians completely embrace
the law and the Judaizers’ message of salvation by works; it would
show their profession of faith in Paul’s gospel to have been merely
outward and not real.
Paul is feeling as
if they have forgotten everything he taught them. To observe all of
the law would be to say that Jesus' sacrifice was not sufficient to
fulfill all of the law. Paul says, perhaps, I have wasted my time on
you.
Verses 12-20: Having
sternly rebuked the Galatians, Paul changes his approach and makes an
appeal based on his strong affection for them.
Galatians 4:12
"Brethren, I beseech you, be as I [am]; for I [am] as ye [are]:
ye have not injured me at all."
“As I am, for I am
as ye are”: Paul had been a proud, self-righteous Pharisee,
trusting in his own righteousness to save him (Phil. 3:4-6). But when
he came to Christ, he abandoned all efforts to save himself, trusting
wholly in God’s grace (Phil. 3:7-9). He urged the Galatians to
follow his example and avoid the legalism of the Judaizers.
“Be as I am” is
an appeal to the readers to be free from the law as Paul is. “I am
as ye are” signifies that Paul, though a Jew, regards himself as
free from the law’s bondage in the same way that the non-Jewish
Galatians are.
“Ye have not
injured me at all”: means Paul’s severe language of verses 8-11
is not due to their offending him. To the apostle this remark serves
as a motivating factor for the Galatians: “Since you have not
previously injured me, do not do so now by refusing my request of
verse 9.”
Though the Jews
persecuted him when he first went to Galatia, the Galatian believers
had not harmed Paul, but had enthusiastically received him when he
preached the gospel to them. (Acts 13:42-50; 14:19). How, he asked,
could they reject him now?
Paul had to face
this very thing himself. He had been taught from his youth the law.
He had even observed some of the same things he is speaking against
here. Paul says, look, I have overcome that. Paul realizes that you
cannot practice the law and grace at the same time. We must choose
between the two.
Paul is trying to
make them understand that everything was taken care of in Jesus
Christ. They had not caused him to fall away from grace.
Romans 8:38-39 "For
I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor
principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come,"
"Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to
separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord."
Galatians 4:13
"Ye know how through infirmity of the flesh I preached the
gospel unto you at the first."
“Infirmity of the
flesh”: Some think the illness Paul refers to was malaria, possibly
contracted in the coastal lowlands of Pamphylia. That could explain
why Paul and Barnabas apparently did not preach at Perga, a city in
Pamphylia (Acts 13:13-14).
“Through
infirmity of the flesh” means “because of bodily illness.”
Evidently physical sickness led to Paul’s earlier ministry among
the Galatians. Perhaps he had not planned to evangelize Galatia, but
illness altered his itinerary, thus leading him there.
The cooler and
healthier weather in Galatia and especially at Pisidian Antioch
(3,600 feet above sea level), where Paul went when he left Perga,
would have brought some relief to the fever caused by malaria.
Although malaria is a serious, debilitating disease, its attacks are
not continuous; Paul could have ministered between bouts with fever.
We know that Paul
had an infirmity of the flesh. He did stay with them for a while and
preach, in spite of his infirmity. "Infirmity", in the
verse above, means feebleness of body or mind. It could, also, mean
malady, frailty, disease, sickness, or weakness. It was an effort on
Paul's part to bring them the message.
Galatians 4:14
"And my temptation which was in my flesh ye despised not, nor
rejected; but received me as an angel of God, [even] as Christ
Jesus."
“Received me”
The Galatians welcomed Paul in spite of his illness, which in no way
was a barrier to his credibility or acceptance.
“Christ Jesus”:
Lord and Savior.
In contrast to any
supposed Galatian mistreatment of Paul (verse 12), this verse reveals
how well they treated him. “My temptation which was in my flesh”
might be paraphrased, “that which tried you in my body.” Paul’s
physical ailment (verse 13) may have been repulsive to the Galatians
who viewed it.
Nevertheless they
“despised not, nor rejected” him because of this illness, but
accepted him “as an angel of God.” Paul’s statement implies the
question: “Having treated me so well when physically offensive,
will you now mistreat me by embracing a false gospel?”
Whatever the problem
that Paul had, did not cause these people to reject hearing the
message of the gospel to them. There are all sorts of speculation as
to what the problem was, I will not add to that confusion by
guessing. If we were supposed to know, the Lord would tell us. They
had overlooked the infirmity and received him as a ministering spirit
from the Lord.
If we minister the
way God would have us to, we do not speak of ourselves. We allow the
Lord Jesus to minister through us. This was the case with Paul. Paul
opened his mouth and the Lord Jesus Christ spoke through him to the
people. The people accepted the message, knowing that Christ was
speaking through Paul.
Galatians 4:15
"Where is then the blessedness ye spake of? for I bear you
record, that, if [it had been] possible, ye would have plucked out
your own eyes, and have given them to me."
“Blessedness”
means here “gratefulness.” It indicates that the Galatians
considered themselves fortunate for having been under Paul’s
earlier ministry. They were so grateful that they would have given
him their own eyes had it been possible. The apostle’s question
implies that the Galatians, vacillating between grace and law, may no
longer be grateful for his previous ministry.
Blessing can also be
translated “happiness,” or “satisfaction.” Paul points out
that the Galatians had been happy and content with his gospel
preaching (Acts 13:48) and wonders why they had turned against him.
“Plucked out your
own eyes”: This may be a figure of speech (Matt. 5:29; 18:9), or an
indication that Paul’s bodily illness had somehow affected his eyes
(6:11). In either case, it reflects the great love the Galatians had
initially expressed for the apostle.
Paul is disturbed,
because they had turned away from that first message they had so
readily accepted. He says, you believed every word I said and you
would have done anything to help me. Why have you changed your mind
about the gospel of Christ? Paul is trying to explain to them that
Truth never changes. Where did your love for the message I brought
go?
Galatians 4:16
"Am I therefore become your enemy, because I tell you the
truth?"
“Your enemy”:
The Galatians had become so confused that, in spite of their previous
affection for Paul, some had come to regard him as their enemy. The
apostle reminds them that he had not harmed them, but merely told
them the truth – a truth that had once brought them great joy.
This verse contrasts
the Galatians’ previous and current attitudes toward Paul. They
used to esteem him highly (verse 14-15); but now, as the Judaizers
turn the readers’ affection from Paul, they are beginning to regard
him as an opponent because he speaks “the truth” of the gospel,
pointing out their erroneous ways.
The problem is that
while Paul was away, the enemy crept in. Paul had brought the Truth,
but while he was away, they began to believe a lie. They had even
turned against Paul, because he is telling them the Truth. Paul loves
them and wants to be their friend, but more than that, he wants them
to accept the Truth.
